Cicero's Quotes

                                                       Quotes:
1) The Senatus consultum/ decree of the senate is a law. The senate had decreed on October 21 that the consuls be given "supreme authority for the protection of the state." Cicero felt that this decree gave him all the authority needed to put Catiline to death.
"Habemus enim eius modi senatus consultum..." 

2) Cicero compares the decree of the senate to a sword being kept away in a sheath. Cicero is saying that the senate decree is not being used so it will become dull like a sword that is being unused.
" tamquam in vagina reconditum"

3) Cicero is conflicted because he does not want to appear lax of the dangers that are going on in the Republic, but he does accuse himself of negligence and also blame himself of lack of action. Also, Cicero have not yet convinced himself of killing Catiline, which should have been done long ago.
"Cupio in tantis rei pubblicae periculis me non dissolutum videri,sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno."

4) The camp is located in Italy, at the entrance of Etruria. It is dangerous because the number of the enemy increase every day and the leader of the enemies is within the walls and even in the Senate.
"Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus;...intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem."

5) Catiline is living in fear, because he is being consistently watched whether he knows it or not. The senate have guards watching him around the clock. He soon will be killed for what he has done.
"Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient."

Cicero's Speech

"But in fact for twenty days we allowed for the sharp edge to go dull by the authority of the senators here. Yes it's true, we have a senatorial decree of that kind, but the decree of that kind is enclosed in the records, just like concealed in the sheath, according to the senatorial decree, it is fitting, Catiline, for you to have been killed immediately. You live, and do not live for putting down boldness, but for strengthen boldness. I desire, assembled fathers, to be forgiving, I desire not to seem negligent in such great danger of the republic, but I now do condemn myself of neglect and of worthlessness.  
The camp were located in Italy against the roman people in laws of Etruria, the number of enemies increased day by day; you see the commander of this camp and the leader of the enemy between the city walls and in fact in the state plotting the certain internal destruction of the republic every day. If you now, Catiline, to be understood, if I will have ordered you to be arrested, Catiline, or to be killed, I believe it will have to be feared by me not all the good men may say that this was done by me too late, but someone may say that this was done by me too cruelly. But for a certain reason I have not yet convinced myself that I should do this thing, which now for a long time ought to have been done. Then finally you will be killed when there is no longer anyone to be found, so wicked, so lost, so similar to you, who might claim that it was not done justly.
As long as there is anyone who would dare defend you, you will live; but you will live just as you live now, having been blocked by my many strong guards, so that you will not go against the republic. The eyes and ears of the many men are watching and guarding you and you will not feel them. Just as they have done up to now."

                                                                 --Cicero

Why Not Put Catiline to Death?

                                                                   History:
Decree of the State/Senatus consultum: The senate had decreed on October 21 that the consuls be given "supreme authority for the protestion of the state." Cicero felt that this decree gave him all the authority needed to put Catiline to death. Some might not know this but the senatus consultum was originally an advice rather than a law. the Roman state, summoned into session by a magistrate who submitted matters to it for discussion and debate. Whatever a majority voted in favour of was termed “the Senate’s advice” (senatus consultum). These advisory decrees were directed to a magistrate or the Roman people. In most instances, they were either implemented by a magistrate or submitted by him to the people.
Patres Conscripti: This is written in the vocative case. As individuals they were the senatores; sitting as a body they were adressed as "patres conscripti", similar to "assembled fathers." The Senate was established by Romulus as an advisory council consisting of the 100 heads of families, called Patres. When Lucius Junius Brutus increased the number of Senators to 300 at the beginning of the Republic, they were also called Conscripti ("Conscripted Men"), because Brutus had enrolled them. Thenceforth members of the Senate were addressed as patres et conscripti or simply patres conscripti ("Conscript Fathers"). Simply, it is the Roman Senate. When Cicero uses this phrase he is asking the "conscript fathers" to forgive him of his negligence.
Catiline's camp at Faesulae, Etruria: This camp was run by Gaius Manlius, who was a centurion or professional officer, from Sulla's old army. Here at Etruria he assembled an army for Catiline. Manlius collects troops at Faesulae in Etruria. Minor disturbances in other parts of Italy. After the Roman people found out about Catiline's plan, Manlius raises in open revolt at Faesulae.
                                            Rhetorical Figure's of Speech:
During his speech Cicero uses many different figurative language. In this part of his speech, Cicero uses: anaphora, rhetorical question, two's and three's, similies, metaphor, and irony. Cicero uses these rhetorical devices to add more power and interest to his piece, and also emphasize his points during the speech.
Anaphora: the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more sucessive clauses or sentences
         Example:Nihilne te...nihil urbis...nihil timor...nihil concursus...nihil hic...nihil horum."
Rhetorical question: asked only for effect and not a stated answer
          Example: quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra...."
Two's and three's: why give one question, when you could give more.
Example: "Quo usque... Quam diu...Quem ad finem?"
Similies: a comparison using like or as
  Example: "tamquam in vagina reconditum"
Metaphors: a comparison that does not use like or as
Example: ''patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis"
Irony: a statement where the opposite of what is said is implied
Example: ''nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere...si vitamus"

Latin Quotes

"Ridebis, et licet rideas"
"quem nosti, apros tres et quidem pulcherrimos, cepi"
"erat in proximo non venabulum aut lancea, sed stilus et pugillares"
"si manus vacuas, plenas tamen ceras reportarem"
"iam undique silvae et solitudo ipsumque illud silentium"
"panarium et lagunculam sic etiam pugillares feras"
"experieris non Dianam magis montibus quam Minervam inerrare"

Bibliography

                                               Bibliography:


http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-gods/myths-about-the-roman-goddess-diana.htmhttp://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-gods/myths-about-the-roman-goddess-minerva.htm
https://www.google.com/
https://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi
https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=minerva+myth&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&bpcl=35466521&biw=1600&bih=761&wrapid=tlif135114609714110&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=cNqIULviMo-80QHRrICwDA

Minerva Picture

Diana Picture

About Minerva:

                                               About Minerva:
 She was the goddess of war, wisdom, and arts, such as spinning, weaving, music, and especially of the pipe. In a word, she was patroness of all those sciences which render men useful to society and themselves, and entitle them to the esteem of posterity.

She is described by the poets, and represented by the sculptors and painters in a standing attitude, completely armed, with a composed but smiling countenance, bearing a golden breast-plate, a spear in her right hand, and the Aegis in her left, having on it the head of Medusa, entwined with snakes. Her helmet was usually encompassed with olives, to denote that peace is the end of war, or rather because that tree was sacred to her: at her feet is generally placed the owl or the cock, the former being the emblem of wisdom, and the latter of war.

Minerva represents wisdom, that is, skilful knowledge joined with discreet practice, and comprehends the understanding of the noblest arts, the best accomplishments of the mind, together with all the virtues, but more especially that of chastity. She is said to be born of Jupiter's brain, because the ingenuity of man did not invent the useful arts and sciences, which, on the contrary, were derived from the fountain of all wisdom. She was born armed, because the human soul, fortified with wisdom and virtue, is invincible; in danger, intrepid; under crosses, unbroken; in calamities, impregnable.

About Diana

                                                  About Diana:
Of all the various characters of this goddess, there is no one more known than that of her presiding over woods, and delighting in hunting. The Diana Venatrix, or goddess of the chase, is frequently represented as running on, with her vest flying back with the wind, notwithstanding its being shortened, and girt about her for expedition. She is tall of stature, and her face, though so very handsome, is something manly. Her feet are sometimes bare, and sometimes adorned with a sort of buskin, which was worn by the huntresses of old. She often has a quiver on her shoulder, and sometimes holds a javelin, but more usually her bow, in her right hand. It is thus she makes her appearance in several of her statues, and it is thus the Roman poets describe her, particularly in the epithets they give this goddess, in the use of which they are so happy that they often bring the idea of whole figures of her into your mind by a single word. The statues of this Diana were very frequent in woods: she was represented there in all the different ways they could think of; sometimes as hunting, sometimes as bathing, and sometimes as resting herself after her fatigue. The height of Diana's stature is frequently marked out in the poets, and that, generally, by comparing her with her nymphs.

Pictures for Hunting

History for hunting

                                            Tools for Hunting:
    When one goes hunting (especially during the time period that Pliny lived) it was imperative to bring a spear. The spear was a kind of weapon they had that was used to hunting. It was a good thing Pliny brought the spear--that was the tool he most likely used to capture those three beautiful wild boars. (The spear was also used for fighting during the Roman wars). The spear could be used for multiple items such as catching fish or killing a wild animal. It was also important to bring a net with you, which Pliny did. The net could have been used for holding the food that was caught, or it could be used to trap an animal. Another item that would have been useful if Pliny had brought it with him would be the bow-and-arrow. This also a battle weapon, which is not commonly used in this day and age. The bow-and-arrow would have been helpful to catch prey from afar--without getting too close to the animal.

Pictures for the quotes

Picture to summary

Summary with a notebook

                                             Summary:
      I promise you, that you will laugh at this, and it is fitting that you should do so. I, who you know, have captured three beautiful wild boars. "You yourself?", you might ask. "Yes, myself", I would answer; I indulged in my laziness and lack of skill and rested for awhile. I sat close to the net; I was not close to the lance or the spear (the tools necessary for hunting), but with the stylus and the pen. I was composing something and marked out on the notebook, so that if I went back empty handed, I would still have a full notebook. It is okay if I went home empty handed, because it is better to have knowledge than to have nothing at all. There is no reason to disregard what I am doing right now. It is strange, I often wondered, how the mind is aroused by the movement of the body. All the sides of the forests and the wilderness are large, this silence is welcomed to strengthen the mind and to write. Therefore, I advise you, with the hunting, it is permitted to bring a tablet and a lark, also a basket and a bottle. You will find that Minerva loves to wander on the hunts quite as much as Diana. Hope you laughed out loud to this. Farewell.

Biliography

                                                 Bibliography:
http://www.firefightersbbq.com/9601.html
http://www.windsorfire.com/ecom.asp?pg=history&specific=15
http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media//00/82300-050-DA3B1E0C.jpg
http://images.google.com/
https://docs.google.com/document/d/11855Ie-upxL8cB8x-HpunhsiImSWW8Rg8rrdl4vLjpU/edit

London Fire Pictures

History of London Fires

"Another great city that experienced such a need for organized fire control was London, which suffered great fires in 798, 982 and 989. Little is known about the development of firefighting in Europe until after the Great Fire of London in 1666. It started in a baker's shop on Pudding Lane, consumed about two square miles (5 km²) of the city, leaving tens of thousands homeless. A lot like the fire that started near the Circus Maximuson on 19 July AD 64. Prior to this fire, London had no organized fire protection system. Afterwards, insurance companies formed private fire brigades to protect their clients’ property. Insurance brigades would only fight fires at buildings the company insured. Pliny never mentioned insurance companies in his letter...maybe that is a modern thing. These buildings were identified by a badge or sign. Still, it was not until 1672 that the Dutch inventor Jan Van der Heiden invented the firehose. Constructed of flexible leather and coupled every 50 feet (15 m) with brass fittings, the length and connections remain the standard to this day"

Roman Fire Pictures

The History of Roman Fire Department

                                          The History of Firefighting
The year 2006 marks the 2000th anniversary of firefighting as it is known today. Egypt is where any type of firefighting originaly started. It was not structured like we had today (or like the Romans) but they originally formatted the idea. However, it was not until 6 AD the Roman fire brigade (Vigiles) was formed by Augustus Caesar. The Vigiles also served like the police force by patrolling the streets of Rome to watch for fires. The Corp of Vigiles consisted of ex-slaves who were trained in firefighting; they also served as watchmen of the city during the night. The fire that started near the Circus Maximus on 19 July AD 64 and eventually destroyed two thirds of Rome was the most famous fire in Rome. The people in Rome were often unprepared for the event of fires, they had no idea what to do and some stood to watch the fires, like Pliny mentioned in his letter. The Emperor Nero was later blamed for the for the fire. However, Rome did suffer from many fires.

                          Additional information on firefighting in Rome
"The Corp of Vigiles, which consisted of 7190 members grew to become one of the most powerful, esteemed and elite organizations in the Roman Empire. The fire service known today is a direct result of the Vigiles.
 

The duties of the Vigiles were divided into Uncinarius, the hook-man who carried a large hook for removing burning roofs; Siphonarius, the firefighter who was responsible for the supervision and operation of water pumps; Aquarius, the firefighter whose main duties were to supply water to pumps and organize bucket chains, and the Emperor who was the fire chief.
 

There were seven battalions of firefighters, each working in two of Rome's fourteen fire districts. Each battalion, which were known as cohorts, consisted of 560 men. Each battalion had one chief and he was assisted by administrative personnel and four physicians.

Firefighters used hooks, pick-axes, ladders and ropes as equipment. They also brought their own water to the fire using buckets. Powerful pumps were used which could reach a height of 20 to 30 meters. Water was drawn from public fountains, basins and wells inside buildings.

Fire codes were developed and enforced; a 4% tax was levied on the sale of slaves to pay for the Corp of Vigiles."

Picture from Quotes (part 2)

Picture from Quotes (part 1)

2

Words of Pliny

Words of Pliny:

1. “Cum diversam partem provinciae circumirem.”
2. “Nicomediae vastissimum incendium multas privatorum domos et duo publica opera.”
3. “Quamquam via interiacente, absumpsit.”
4. “Est autem latius sparsum, primum violentia venti.”
5. “Inertia hominum, quos satis constat otiosos et immobiles tanti mali spectatores perstitisse.”
6. “Alioque nullus umquam in publico sipho, nulla hama,”
7. “Nullum denique instrumentum ad incendia compescenda.”
8. “Et haec quidem, ut iam praecepi, parabuntur.”
9. “Dispice an instituendum putes collegium fabrorum dumtaxat hominum CL.”
10. “Ego attendam ne quis nisi faber recipiatur neve iure concesso in aliud utatur.”

Roman Fire Picture

Fire Department Needed Summary

                                                      Summary:
                    Here I was walking around the province without a care. It was in Nicomedia I witnessed a huge fire that destroyed many private and public homes, even though there was a street in between. The poor and the rich were now homeless and unemployed. There were a few reasons why the huge fire was so destructive. First: there was a violent wind that felt like Aeolus was upset with mankind. Second: the lazy spectators were standing there like their feet was stuck to the ground, and doing nothing about the fire that was causing havoc. Also, no one is ever in the public fire engine, so there were no bucket of water to put the fire out. Third: there were no tools set aside to restrain a fire. These things should have already been prepared and thought of as instructed. These people never listen! This is why we are in the predicament we are in now.
                   It was after this event that I went to the master… begging. “Master, I beg you to consider whether you think a company of fireman, consisting of 150 hundred men should be established. I will instruct that no one--absolutely no one, unless he is a fireman, should use this law in an other use; to watch so few fireman will not be difficult. So master, what do you say? Can we start creating the company?”